احقاق حقوق کودکان قربانی جنگ در غزه و پیشگیری از آن در پرتو حقوق کودک در زمان جنگ

نویسندگان

احمد مومنی راد دانشیار دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Momenirad@ut.ac.ir
مهدی داودی گرمارودی دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین الملل دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران davoudi.mahdi.ga@ut.ac.ir

چکیده

جنگ غزه کودکان را به قربانیان بی‌گناه و آسیب‌پذیری تبدیل کرده است که نیازمند حمایت فوری و ساختاری هستند. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی راهکارهای جهانی برای حفاظت از حقوق کودکان در مناطق جنگی، بر ضرورت تشکیل یک تیم بین‌المللی تخصصی تأکید دارد. مطالعه حاضر ابتدا آسیب‌های جسمی، روانی و اجتماعی ناشی از درگیری‌ها را تحلیل می‌کند و سپس نقش نهادهای بین‌المللی نظیر دفتر نمایندگی ویژه دبیرکل سازمان ملل متحد برای کودکان و نیروهای مسلح را در هدایت این تیم مورد بررسی قرار می‌دهد. اهداف کوتاه‌مدت و بلندمدت این تیم شامل ارائه کمک‌های بشردوستانه، دسترسی به آموزش و بهداشت، و ایجاد مکانیزم‌های نظارتی برای جلوگیری از نقض حقوق کودک است. همچنین، تعاملات میان دادگاه‌های داخلی و بین‌المللی و همکاری با سازمان‌های محلی فلسطینی برای اثربخشی بیشتر مداخلات تبیین می‌شود. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که ضعف عملکرد سازمان ملل نتوانسته است حمایت جدی به عمل آورد و رویکردی چندجانبه مبتنی بر مسئولیت مشترک جامعه جهانی، تنها راهکار پایدار برای احقاق حقوق کودکان قربانی جنگ در غزه است.

Abstract

The war in Gaza has turned children into innocent and vulnerable victims requiring immediate and structural support. This research, aiming to examine global strategies for protecting children's rights in conflict zones, emphasizes the necessity of forming a specialized international task force. The present study first analyzes the physical, psychological, and social damages resulting from hostilities, and then investigates the role of international institutions, such as the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict (OSRSG-CAAC), in guiding this team. The short-term and long-term objectives of this team include providing humanitarian aid, ensuring access to education and healthcare, and establishing monitoring mechanisms to prevent violations of child rights. Furthermore, interactions between domestic and international courts, as well as cooperation with local Palestinian organizations, are elucidated to enhance the effectiveness of interventions. The findings indicate that the United Nations' operational weaknesses have failed to provide adequate support, suggesting that a multilateral approach based on shared global responsibility is the only sustainable solution for upholding the rights of war-affected children in Gaza.

Keywords: Child Rights, Gaza War, International Task Force, Child Protection, Human Rights, United Nations

منابع :

1. Coles, Robert. (1993). Children in War: The International Movement to Save Children.

2. Marten, James. (2002). Children and War: A Historical Anthology.

3. Bahar homayounfar(2018). "Child Rights in Areas of Conflict: The Case for the ICRC". International Journal of Human Rights and Development.

4. Brenner, Mark L., Weber, Allison. (2017). "Engaging Youth as Partners in War Zones: The Case of UNICEF". Journal of Children and Society.

The Protection of Children in Armed Conflict: A Critical Analysis of the International Legal Framework by Aoife O'Donoghue (2022)

6. The Role of Education in the Protection of Children in Armed Conflict by J. D. Bleich (2022)

7. The Mental Health of Children in Armed Conflict: A Systematic Review by S. Fazel et al. (2022)

8. The Use of Child Soldiers in Armed Conflict: A Global Overview by S. Wessells (2022)

9. The Impact of Sexual Violence on Children in Armed Conflict by H. S. Rajagopal (2022)

گزارش های سازمان های بین المللی:

6. Children in Armed Conflict: 2022 Annual Report by the United Nations Office of the Special Representative for the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict (2022)

7. Grave Violations against Children in Armed Conflict: 2022 Annual Report by the United Nations Security Council (2022)

8. The Education of Children in Armed Conflict: A Global Monitoring Report by the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (2022)

9. The Mental Health and Psychosocial Wellbeing of Children Affected by Armed Conflict: A Global Review by the World Health Organization (2022)

10. The Impact of Sexual Violence on Children in Armed Conflict: A Global Study by the International Rescue Committee (2022)

مطبوعات و رسانه ها:

11. The War in Ukraine and the Protection of Children by The New York Times (2022)

12. The Children of Yemen: A Generation Lost to War by The Guardian (2022)

13. The Syrian Refugee Crisis: The Plight of Children by The BBC (2022)

14. The Rohingya Crisis: The Children of Myanmar by Al Jazeera (2022)

15. The South Sudan Crisis: The Children of a Forgotten War by CNN (2022)

16. Karen Attiah، "The devastating effects of war on children", Washington Post، 2014.

17. United Nations، "Convention on the Rights of the Child", 1989.

18. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)، "Investing in Children: The UNICEF Contribution to the Global Compact on Refugees", 2019.

19. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)، "Protecting children in armed conflict", 2020.

20.

کتاب ها:

16. Children and Armed Conflict: A Global History by J. M. Kinder (2022)

17. The Protection of Children in Armed Conflict: A Legal and Policy Analysis by M. N. Schmitt (2022)

18. The Education of Children in Armed Conflict: A Right Denied by D. A. Smith (2022)

19. The Mental Health of Children in Armed Conflict: A Global Challenge by S. Fazel et al. (2022)

20. The Impact of Sexual Violence on Children in Armed Conflict: A Call to Action by H. S. Rajagopal (2022)

وب سایت های سازمان های بین المللی:

21. United Nations Office of the Special Representative for the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict

22. United Nations Security Council (https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/)

23. Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (https://www.educationcannotwait.org/)

24. World Health Organization (https://www.who.int/)

25. International Rescue Committee (https://www.rescue.org/)

وب سایت های دانشگاهی:

26. The International Journal of Children's Rights (https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tcri20/current)

27. The International Review of the Red Cross The Journal of International Humanitarian Law

مقالات و گزارش های دیگر:

29. **The Protection of Children in Armed Conflict: A

30. "Assistance to Palestinian People - UNCTAD." United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Accessed June 14, 2021. https://unctad.org/topic/trade-and-environment/assist to-palestinian-people.

31. "UNICEF in the State of Palestine - Situation Report 2021 [EN/AR] - State of Palestine." ReliefWeb. Accessed June 14, 2021. https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/unicef-state-palestine-situation-report-2021-enar

32. The War on Children: A Report on the Devastation of Children’s Lives in War by Save the Children:

33. Children in Armed Conflict: A Guide to the Law by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC):

34. The Education of Children in Conflict-Affected Countries: A Global Review by the Global Partnership for Education (GPE(

35. The Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in Conflict-Affected Countries: A Call to Action by the Lancet:

36. The Economic Impact of War on Children: A Literature Review by the World Bank

37. . The Role of Sport in Peacebuilding: A Literature Review by the United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace (UNOSDP):

38. . Child-Friendly Peacebuilding: A Framework for Action by the Save the Children

39. . The Protection of Children in Armed Conflict: A Manual for Child Protection Practitioners by the Geneva Call: 9. Education in Emergencies: A Toolkit for Practitioners by the Inter-agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE):

40. . The Role of Children and Youth in Peacebuilding: A Guide for Policymakers and Practitioners by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF):

41. Pathways to Peace: Inclusive Approaches to Conflict Prevention and Resolution by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP):

42. The Future of Peace: A Global Agenda for Action by the International Peace Institute:

43. The Impact of War on Children: A Literature Review by the World Health Organization (WHO):

44. The State of the World's Children 2021: On My Mind by UNICEF: 15. **The World Report on Child